项目管理和合同法 (ppt)
Project Management & Contract Law
项目管理和合同法
Outline（大纲）
Legal System Layers
法定体系层
Sources of Law
法的来源
Contracts
合同
Legal system layers

Sources of Law
The US Legal System
Based on English common law except in State of Louisiana
Consists of two parts
Legislative
The common law

Legislative law
Determined by legislatures (US Congress and State Legislatures)
Consists of
Statutes
Professional Engineering Licensing Laws (States)
Occupational Health and Safety Act (US)
Regulations
Created by organizations like the Society of Professional Engineers.

























Contract Interpretation Principles
THE PLAIN MEANING RULE (ALSO KNOWN AS PAROL EVIDENCE RULE)
- When a contract is in writing that is not subject to conflicting meanings, a court will enforce the writing according to its plain meaning. Under this plain meaning rule, the meaning of the words must be determined from the face of the instrument-a court cannot consider evidence extrinsic to the document.
合同解释原理
字面意义原理 (亦称为PAROL 证据　原理)
- 当一个合同是以书面形式存在而且不存在意思矛盾时，法庭将依据合同的字面意义使合同生效。 依据此字面意义原理, 合同中词语的意思必须由其字面意义来决定－－法庭不能考虑此合同之外的证据。


Ambiguities
When the writing is ambiguous, a court will interpret the language to give effect to the parties' intent as expressed in their contract. A court will not make or remake a contract nor interpret the language according to what the parties claim their intent was when they made it. In interpreting ambiguities, the following rules are generally applied:
模糊条款
当书面语言意义模糊时，法庭将对合同中的语言进行解释以便是合同方在合同中的意愿得以生效。法庭将既不会签订或重新签订合同也不会按照合同方在签订合同时所声称的意愿解释合同中的语言。在解释模糊条款时，通常情况下将采用以下原则。
Ambiguities
1. A reasonable, lawful, and effective meaning will be given to all of a contract's terms.
2. A contract will be interpreted as a whole; individual clauses will be considered subordinate to the contract's general intent. Ali writings that are part of the same transaction will be interpreted together, although terms that were negotiated separately will be given greater consideration than standardized terms and terms that were not negotiated separately.
模糊条款
1. 合同中所有的条款都必须具有合理的、合法的、有效的意义。
2. 一个合同必须作为一个整体来解释；单个条款必须作为合同整体意义的一部分来考虑。同一条款的所有书面部分都必须放在一起来解释；但是，与标准化的条款和非分开单独谈判的条款相比 ，分开单独谈判的条款将作为重点来考虑。
Ambiguities
3. A word will be given its ordinary, commonly accepted meaning, and a technical word or term will be given its technical meaning, unless the parties clearly intended something else.
4. Specific and exact wording will be given greater consideration than general language.
5. Written or typewritten terms prevail over printed ones.
模糊条款
3. 合同中的单词将按照它的普通意义和通常情况下被接受的意义来解释，一个技术性的单词或术语将按照它的技术意义来解释，除非合同各方清楚地表明了其他意义。
4. 与一般性的语言相比，具体的和精确的用语将被重点考虑。
5. 当存在几种书面形式时，将以手写和打字机打出的术语为准，而非打印出的术语。
Ambiguities
6. When the language used has more than one meaning, it will be interpreted against the party who drafted the contract.
7. When evidence of trade usage, prior dealings between the parties, and previous course of performance under the contract is admitted, what each of the parties does in pursuance of the contract will be interpreted as consistent with what the other does and with any relevant usage of trade and course of dealing and performance.
模糊条款
6. 当所用的语言具有多种意义时，将参照合同起草方对合同条款的解释。.
7. 当在合同方之间存在贸易惯例或先前交易方面的证据，以前的履行方针是可以接受的，对合同任何一方为了达成合同所做的努力的解释,将必须与合同另一方为达成合同所做的努力以及任何相关的贸易惯例和交易及履行方针保持一致。
Ambiguities
In the above circumstances, express terms are given the greatest weight, followed by course of performance, course of dealing, and usage of trade, in that order. When considering custom and usage, a court will look at the customs and usage of trade of the particular business and the locale where the contract was made or is to be performed
模糊条款
在上述情况下，明确化的术语将会被给予最重的分量，其次是 履行方针，交易方针， 和贸易惯例，应该按照以上分量顺序。当考虑到习惯或惯例时，法庭将考虑签订合同或履行合同所在的相关特定商业领域和地区的贸易习惯和惯例







项目管理和合同法 (ppt)