existence Of Good）。
（二） 东方人与西方人对知识的想法不同

Nonaka教授说，笛卡儿将个人视为他所处环境的局外人，个人站在环境之外来评论环境。相反地，日本哲学家 Kitaro Nishida将个人视为他所处环境的局内人，认为人与环境是一体的。他主张：“我爱，故我在”。（ I Love，therefore l am．）因此，应让许多个人齐聚一堂，生活在同一环境之中，透过“社会化”（socialization）过程，使大家能相互了解彼此的想法与感觉。大家应彼此互信，相亲相爱，且都须自我超越，以“大我”（ the larger self）之无私与大爱，彼此楫惜，而且毫无保留的相互交换“隐性知识”（tacit knowledge），要以真心彼此倾囊相授。大体上，日本人较注重“社会合作”（ social cooperation），而美国人则较强调“竞争性个人主义”（competitive individualism）。更扩大的说，东方人与西方人对知识看法之差异，可对照加以说明如下：

1．西方人（美国人）对知识的想法

（l）注重显性知识（focus on explicit knowledge）
（2）强调重复使用（re-use）
（3）看重知识计划（knowledge projects）
（4）重视知识市场（ knowledge markets）
（5）注重管理与衡量（management and measurement）
（6）重视近期利益（near－term gains）

Differences between Western and Eastern Ways of
Perceiving Knowledge

Don Cohen

In the U.S., most knowledge Practice focuses on collecting, distribution, re-using, and measuring existing codified knowledge and information. Practitioners often look to information technology to capture and distribute this explicit knowledge; firms measure success by near-term economic returns on knowledge investment. In Japan, knowledge creation receives more attention with an emphasis on developing conditions that favor the exchange of tacit knowledge between individual knowers, a social Process through which new knowledge develops. Success is measured by a long-term capability to succeed through innovation.

To further define what may be underlying drfferences between Western and Eastem ways of perceiving knowledge and human existence in general, Ikujiro Nonaka contrasts the Philosophies of Descartes and Nishida. To the Westem-Cartesian "I think, therefore I am" Nishida counters, "I love,therefore I am." Descartes conceives of the individual as Outside the -- an Observer standing apart from and evaluating his surroundings. Nisihida views the individual as inside the environment, an inseparable part of it.

Schematically, the U.S. -- Japanese contrasts, Which may represent a larger contrast between East and West look roughly like this;


2．东方人（日本人）对知识的想法

（1）注重隐性知识（ focus on tacit knowledge）
（2）强调创造（creation）
（3）看重知识文化（ knowledge cultures）
（4）重视知识群体（ knowledge communities）
（5）注重培育与爱心（nurturing and love）
（6）重视长期优势（long－term advantage）

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